#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS
#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE
#define GLM_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtx/hash.hpp>

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <stb_image.h>

#define TINYOBJLOADER_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <tiny_obj_loader.h>

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <algorithm>
#include <chrono>
#include <vector>
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstdint>
#include <limits>
#include <array>
#include <optional>
#include <set>
#include <unordered_map>

const int WIDTH = 800;
const int HEIGHT = 600;

const std::string MODEL_PATH = "models/viking_room.obj";
const std::string TEXTURE_PATH = "textures/viking_room.png";

const std::vector<const char *> validationLayers = {
    "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"
};

const std::vector<const char *> deviceExtensions = {
    VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME
};

#ifdef NDEBUG
const bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else
const bool enableValidationLayers = true;
#endif

static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string &filename) {
    std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);

    if (!file.is_open()) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
    }

    size_t fileSize = (size_t) file.tellg();
    std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize);

    file.seekg(0);
    file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize);

    file.close();

    return buffer;
}

VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(
    VkInstance instance, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT *pCreateInfo,
    const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator,
    VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT *pDebugMessenger) {
    auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT) vkGetInstanceProcAddr(
        instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
    if (func != nullptr) {
        return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger);
    } else {
        return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
    }
}

void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance,
                                   VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger,
                                   const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator) {
    auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT) vkGetInstanceProcAddr(
        instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
    if (func != nullptr) {
        func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);
    }
}

static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL
debugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity,
              VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType,
              const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT *pCallbackData,
              void *pUserData) {
    std::cout << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl;

    return VK_FALSE;
}

struct QueueFamilyIndices {
    std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily;
    std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily;

    bool isComplete() {
        return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();
    }
};

struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
    VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
    std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
    std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;
};

struct Vertex {
  glm::vec3 pos;
    glm::vec3 color;
    glm::vec2 texCoord;

    static VkVertexInputBindingDescription getBindingDescription() {
        VkVertexInputBindingDescription bindingDescription{};
        bindingDescription.binding = 0;
        bindingDescription.stride = sizeof(Vertex);
        bindingDescription.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;

        return bindingDescription;
    }

    static std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 3> getAttributeDescriptions() {
        std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 3> attributeDescriptions = {};

        attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0;
        attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0;
        attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
        attributeDescriptions[0].offset = offsetof(Vertex, pos);

        attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;
        attributeDescriptions[1].location = 1;
        attributeDescriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
        attributeDescriptions[1].offset = offsetof(Vertex, color);

        attributeDescriptions[2].binding = 0;
        attributeDescriptions[2].location = 2;
        attributeDescriptions[2].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
        attributeDescriptions[2].offset = offsetof(Vertex, texCoord);

        return attributeDescriptions;
    }

    bool operator==(const Vertex& other) const {
      return pos == other.pos && color == other.color && texCoord == other.texCoord;
    }
};

namespace std {
template<> struct hash<Vertex> {
  size_t operator()(Vertex const& vertex) const {
    return ((hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.pos) ^ (hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.color) << 1)) >> 1) ^ (hash<glm::vec2>()(vertex.texCoord) << 1);
  }
};
}

struct UniformBufferObject {
  alignas(16) glm::mat4 model;
  alignas(16) glm::mat4 view;
  alignas(16) glm::mat4 proj;
};

class HelloTriangleApplication {
public:
    void run() {
        initWindow();
        initVulkan();
        mainLoop();
        cleanup();
    }

private:
    void initWindow() {
        glfwInit();

        glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);

        window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan Window", nullptr, nullptr);
        glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
        glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallback);
    }

    static void framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow *window, int width, int height) {
        auto app = reinterpret_cast<HelloTriangleApplication *>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
        app->framebufferResized = true;
    }

    void initVulkan() {
        loadModel();
        createInstance();
        setupDebugMessenger();
        createSurface();
        pickPhysicalDevice();
        createLogicalDevice();
        createSwapChain();
        createImageViews();
        createRenderPass();
        createDescriptorSetLayout();
        createGraphicsPipeline();
        createCommandPool();
        createColorResources();
        createDepthResources();
        createFrameBuffers();
        createTextureImage();
        createTextureImageView();
        createTextureSampler();
        createCommandBuffers();
        createVertexBuffer();
        createIndexBuffer();
        createUniformBuffer();
        createDescriptorPool();
        createDescriptorSets();
        createSyncObjects();
    }

    void mainLoop() {
        while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
            glfwPollEvents();
            drawFrame();
        }

        vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
    }

    void loadModel() {
      tinyobj::attrib_t attrib;
      std::vector<tinyobj::shape_t> shapes;
      std::vector<tinyobj::material_t> materials;
      std::string warn, err;

      if (!tinyobj::LoadObj(&attrib, &shapes, &materials, &warn, &err, MODEL_PATH.c_str())) {
        throw std::runtime_error(warn + err);
      }

      std::unordered_map<Vertex, uint32_t> uniqueVertices{};

      for (const auto& shape : shapes) {
        for (const auto& index : shape.mesh.indices) {
          Vertex vertex{};

          vertex.pos = {
              attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 0],
              attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 1],
              attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 2]
          };

          vertex.texCoord = {
              attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 0],
              1.0f - attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 1]
          };

          vertex.color = {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};
          if (uniqueVertices.count(vertex) == 0) {
            uniqueVertices[vertex] = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertices.size());
            vertices.push_back(vertex);
          }

          indices.push_back(uniqueVertices[vertex]);
        }
      }
    }

    void cleanup() {
        cleanupSwapChain();

        vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr);
        vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
        vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < imageCount; i++) {
          vkDestroyBuffer(device, uniformBuffers[i], nullptr);
          vkFreeMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[i], nullptr);
        }

        vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, descriptorPool, nullptr);

        vkDestroySampler(device, textureSampler, nullptr);
        vkDestroyImageView(device, textureImageView, nullptr);

        vkDestroyImage(device, textureImage, nullptr);
        vkFreeMemory(device, textureImageMemory, nullptr);

        vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);

        vkDestroyBuffer(device, indexBuffer, nullptr);
        vkFreeMemory(device, indexBufferMemory, nullptr);

        vkDestroyBuffer(device, vertexBuffer, nullptr);
        vkFreeMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, nullptr);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < imageCount; i++) {
          vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);
          vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);
          vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr);
        }

        vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);

        vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);

        if (enableValidationLayers) {
          DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
        }

        vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);
        vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

        glfwDestroyWindow(window);

        glfwTerminate();
    }

    void createInstance() {
        if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {
            throw std::runtime_error(
                "validation layers requested, but not available!");
        }

        VkApplicationInfo appInfo{};
        appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
        appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle";
        appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
        appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
        appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
        appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

        VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo{};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
        createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

        printExtensions();

        auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions();
        createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size());
        createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();

        if (enableValidationLayers) {
            createInfo.enabledLayerCount =
                    static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
            createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

            VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo{};
            populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
            createInfo.pNext = (VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT *) &debugCreateInfo;
        } else {
            createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
            createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = nullptr;
            createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
        }

        if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!");
        }
    }

    bool checkValidationLayerSupport() {
        uint32_t layerCount;
        vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr);

        std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount);
        vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, availableLayers.data());

        for (const char *layerName: validationLayers) {
            bool layerFound{false};

            for (const auto &layerProperties: availableLayers) {
                if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) {
                    layerFound = true;
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (!layerFound) {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    std::vector<const char *> getRequiredExtensions() {
        uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
        const char **glfwExtensions;
        glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);

        std::vector<const char *> extensions(glfwExtensions,
                                             glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);
        if (enableValidationLayers) {
            extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
        }

        return extensions;
    }

    void printExtensions() {
        uint32_t extensionCount{0};
        vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);
        std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> extensions(extensionCount);
        vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &extensionCount,
                                               extensions.data());

        std::cout << "available extensions:" << std::endl;
        for (const auto &extension: extensions) {
            std::cout << "\t" << extension.extensionName << std::endl;
        }
    }

    void setupDebugMessenger() {
        if (!enableValidationLayers)
            return;

        VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo{};
        populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);

        if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr,
                                         &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
        }
    }

    void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(
        VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT &createInfo) {
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
        createInfo.messageSeverity =
                VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT |
                VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
                VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
        createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT |
                                 VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT |
                                 VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
        createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
    }

    void pickPhysicalDevice() {
        uint32_t deviceCount{0};
        vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);
        if (deviceCount == 0) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");
        }

        std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);
        vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());

        for (const auto &device_: devices) {
            if (isDeviceSuitable(device_)) {
                physicalDevice = device_;
                msaaSamples = getMaxUsableSampleCount();
                break;
            }
        }

        if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
        }
    }

    VkSampleCountFlagBits getMaxUsableSampleCount() {
        VkPhysicalDeviceProperties physicalDeviceProperties;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physicalDevice, &physicalDeviceProperties);

        VkSampleCountFlags counts = std::min(physicalDeviceProperties.limits.framebufferColorSampleCounts, physicalDeviceProperties.limits.framebufferDepthSampleCounts);
        if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_64_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_64_BIT; }
        if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_32_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_32_BIT; }
        if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_16_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_16_BIT; }
        if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_8_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_8_BIT; }
        if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_4_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_4_BIT; }
        if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_2_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_2_BIT; }

        return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
    }

    bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
        QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);

        bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);

        bool swapChainAdequate = false;
        if (extensionsSupported) {
          SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
          swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
        }

        VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures supportedFeatures;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(device, &supportedFeatures);

        return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate && supportedFeatures.samplerAnisotropy;
    }

    QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device_) {
        QueueFamilyIndices indices{};

        uint32_t queueFamilyCount{0};
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device_, &queueFamilyCount,
                                                 nullptr);

        std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device_, &queueFamilyCount,
                                                 queueFamilies.data());

        int i = 0;
        for (const auto &queueFamily: queueFamilies) {
            if (queueFamily.queueCount > 0 &&
                queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
                indices.graphicsFamily = i;
            }

            VkBool32 presentSupport{false};
            vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device_, i, surface, &presentSupport);
            if (presentSupport) {
                indices.presentFamily = i;
            }

            if (indices.isComplete()) {
                break;
            }

            ++i;
        }

        return indices;
    }

    void createLogicalDevice() {
        QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

        std::set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = {
            indices.graphicsFamily.value(),
            indices.presentFamily.value()
        };

        std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;

        float queuePriority = 1.0f;
        for (uint32_t queueFamily: uniqueQueueFamilies) {
            VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo{};
            queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
            queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
            queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;

            queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;

            queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
        }

        VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures{};
        deviceFeatures.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE;
        deviceFeatures.sampleRateShading = VK_TRUE;

        VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;

        createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount =
                static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfos.size());
        createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();

        createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

        if (enableValidationLayers) {
            createInfo.enabledLayerCount =
                    static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
            createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
        } else {
            createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
        }

        createInfo.enabledExtensionCount =
                static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size());
        createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();

        if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) !=
            VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");
        }

        vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue);
        vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);
    }

    void createSurface() {
        if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) !=
            VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
        }
    }

    bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
        uint32_t extensionCount;
        vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount,
                                             nullptr);
        std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
        vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount,
                                             availableExtensions.data());

        std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(),
                                                 deviceExtensions.end());

        for (const auto &extension: availableExtensions) {
            requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
        }

        return requiredExtensions.empty();
    }

    SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
        SwapChainSupportDetails details;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface,
                                                  &details.capabilities);

        uint32_t formatCount;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount,
                                             nullptr);

        if (formatCount != 0) {
            details.formats.resize(formatCount);
            vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount,
                                                 details.formats.data());
        }

        uint32_t presentModeCount;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface,
                                                  &presentModeCount, nullptr);

        if (presentModeCount != 0) {
            details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
            vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(
                device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
        }

        return details;
    }

    VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(
        const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> &availableFormats) {
        if (availableFormats.size() == 1 &&
            availableFormats[0].format == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED) {
            return {VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM, VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR};
        }

        for (const auto &availableFormat: availableFormats) {
            if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM &&
                availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
                return availableFormat;
            }
        }

        return availableFormats[0];
    }

    VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(
        const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> availablePresentModes) {
        for (const auto &availablePresentMode: availablePresentModes) {
            if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {
                return availablePresentMode;
            }
        }

        return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
    }

    VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR &capabilities) {
        if (capabilities.currentExtent.width !=
            std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
            return capabilities.currentExtent;
        } else {
            int width, height;
            glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);

            VkExtent2D actualExtent = {static_cast<uint32_t>(width), static_cast<uint32_t>(height)};

            actualExtent.width = std::max(
                capabilities.minImageExtent.width,
                std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.width, actualExtent.width));
            actualExtent.height = std::max(
                capabilities.minImageExtent.height,
                std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.height, actualExtent.height));

            return actualExtent;
        }
    }

    void createSwapChain() {
        SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport =
                querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);

        VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat =
                chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
        VkPresentModeKHR presentMode =
                chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
        VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);

        imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
        if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 &&
            imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
            imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
        }

        VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo = {};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
        createInfo.surface = surface;

        createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
        createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
        createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
        createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
        createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
        createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

        QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
        uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = {
            indices.graphicsFamily.value(),
            indices.presentFamily.value()
        };

        if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
            createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
            createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
            createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
        } else {
            createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
            createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 0; // Optional
            createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr; // Optional
        }

        createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
        createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
        createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
        createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;
        createInfo.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

        if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) !=
            VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
        }

        vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
        swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
        vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount,
                                swapChainImages.data());

        swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
        swapChainExtent = extent;
    }

    void createImageViews() {
        swapChainImageViews.resize(imageCount);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < imageCount; ++i) {
          swapChainImageViews[i] = createImageView(swapChainImages[i], swapChainImageFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 1);
        }
    }

    VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char> &code) {
        VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
        createInfo.codeSize = code.size();
        createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t *>(code.data());

        VkShaderModule shaderModule;
        if (vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) !=
            VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!");
        }

        return shaderModule;
    }

    void createRenderPass() {
        VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment{};
        colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;
        colorAttachment.samples = msaaSamples;
        colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
        colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
        colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
        colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
        colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
        colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

        VkAttachmentDescription depthAttachment{};
        depthAttachment.format = findDepthFormat();
        depthAttachment.samples = msaaSamples;
        depthAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
        depthAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
        depthAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
        depthAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
        depthAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
        depthAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

        VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachmentResolve{};
        colorAttachmentResolve.format = swapChainImageFormat;
        colorAttachmentResolve.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
        colorAttachmentResolve.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
        colorAttachmentResolve.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
        colorAttachmentResolve.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
        colorAttachmentResolve.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
        colorAttachmentResolve.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
        colorAttachmentResolve.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

        VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef{};
        colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
        colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

        VkAttachmentReference depthAttachmentRef{};
        depthAttachmentRef.attachment = 1;
        depthAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

        VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentResolveRef{};
        colorAttachmentResolveRef.attachment = 2;
        colorAttachmentResolveRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

        VkSubpassDescription subpass{};
        subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
        subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
        subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;
        subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthAttachmentRef;
        subpass.pResolveAttachments = &colorAttachmentResolveRef;

        VkSubpassDependency dependency{};
        dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
        dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
        dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
        dependency.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
        dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
        dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

        std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 3> attachments = {colorAttachment, depthAttachment, colorAttachmentResolve };
        VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo{};
        renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
        renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
        renderPassInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
        renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
        renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
        renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
        renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

        if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS) {
          throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
        }
    }

    void createDescriptorSetLayout() {
        VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding uboLayoutBinding = {};
        uboLayoutBinding.binding = 0;
        uboLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
        uboLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
        uboLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
        uboLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr;

        VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding samplerLayoutBinding{};
        samplerLayoutBinding.binding = 1;
        samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
        samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
        samplerLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr;
        samplerLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;

        std::array<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding, 2> bindings = {uboLayoutBinding, samplerLayoutBinding};
        VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo{};
        layoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
        layoutInfo.bindingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(bindings.size());
        layoutInfo.pBindings = bindings.data();

        if (vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &layoutInfo, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
          throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor set layout!");
        }
    }

    void createGraphicsPipeline() {
        auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vs.spv");
        auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/fs.spv");

        VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);
        VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);

        VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo{};
        vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
        vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
        vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;
        vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

        VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo{};
        fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
        fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
        fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;
        fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

        VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = {vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo};

        auto bindingDescription = Vertex::getBindingDescription();
        auto attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions();

        VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo{};
        vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
        vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
        vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription;
        vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attributeDescriptions.size());
        vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions.data();

        VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly{};
        inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
        inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
        inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE;

        VkViewport viewport = {};
        viewport.x = 0.0f;
        viewport.y = 0.0f;
        viewport.width = (float) swapChainExtent.width;
        viewport.height = (float) swapChainExtent.height;
        viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
        viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;

        VkRect2D scissor = {};
        scissor.offset = {0, 0};
        scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;

        VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState = {};
        viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
        viewportState.viewportCount = 1;
        viewportState.pViewports = &viewport;
        viewportState.scissorCount = 1;
        viewportState.pScissors = &scissor;

        VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer{};
        rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
        rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE;
        rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;
        rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
        rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;
        rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
        rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE;
        rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;

        VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{};
        multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
        multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_TRUE;
        multisampling.minSampleShading = .2f;
        multisampling.rasterizationSamples = msaaSamples;

        VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencil = {};
        depthStencil.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
        depthStencil.depthTestEnable = VK_TRUE;
        depthStencil.depthWriteEnable = VK_TRUE;
        depthStencil.depthCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS;
        depthStencil.depthBoundsTestEnable = VK_FALSE;
        depthStencil.minDepthBounds = 0.0f; // Optional
        depthStencil.maxDepthBounds = 1.0f; // Optional
        depthStencil.stencilTestEnable = VK_FALSE;
        depthStencil.front = {}; // Optional
        depthStencil.back = {}; // Optional

        VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{};
        colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT |
                                              VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
        colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;

        VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{};
        colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
        colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
        colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY;
        colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;
        colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;
        colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f;
        colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f;
        colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f;
        colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f;

        std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStates = {
            VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
            VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR
        };
        VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState{};
        dynamicState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
        dynamicState.dynamicStateCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(dynamicStates.size());
        dynamicState.pDynamicStates = dynamicStates.data();

        VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo{};
        pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
        pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 1;
        pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = &descriptorSetLayout;
        pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 0;

        if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");
        }

        VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo{};
        pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
        pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
        pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;
        pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;
        pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;
        pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
        pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;
        pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;
        pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;
        pipelineInfo.pDynamicState = &dynamicState;
        pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;
        pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
        pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
        pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencil;

        if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) !=
            VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");
        }

        vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr);
        vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr);
    }

    void createFrameBuffers() {
        swapChainFrameBuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());

        for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
          std::array<VkImageView, 3> attachments = {
              colorImageView,
              depthImageView,
              swapChainImageViews[i]
          };

          VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo{};
          framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
          framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
          framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
          framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
          framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;
          framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;
          framebufferInfo.layers = 1;

          if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFrameBuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");
          }
        }
    }

    void createColorResources() {
        VkFormat colorFormat = swapChainImageFormat;

        createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, 1, msaaSamples, colorFormat, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSIENT_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, colorImage, colorImageMemory);
        colorImageView = createImageView(colorImage, colorFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 1);

        transitionImageLayout(colorImage, colorFormat, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL, 1);
    }

    void createDepthResources() {
        VkFormat depthFormat = findDepthFormat();

        createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, 1, msaaSamples, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, depthImage, depthImageMemory);
        depthImageView = createImageView(depthImage, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT, 1);

        transitionImageLayout(depthImage, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL, 1);
    }

    VkFormat findSupportedFormat(const std::vector<VkFormat>& candidates, VkImageTiling tiling, VkFormatFeatureFlags features) {
        for (VkFormat format : candidates) {
          VkFormatProperties props;
          vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, format, &props);

          if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR && (props.linearTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
            return format;
          } else if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL && (props.optimalTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
            return format;
          }
        }

        throw std::runtime_error("failed to find supported format!");
    }

    VkFormat findDepthFormat() {
      return findSupportedFormat({VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT, VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT, VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT}, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT);
    }

    bool hasStencilComponent(VkFormat format) {
      return format == VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT || format == VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
    }

    void createCommandPool() {
        QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

        VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};
        poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
        poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value();
        poolInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT; // Optional

        if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create command pool!");
        }
    }

    void createCommandBuffers() {
        commandBuffers.resize(imageCount);

        VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
        allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
        allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
        allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
        allocInfo.commandBufferCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(commandBuffers.size());

        if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
        }
    }

    void generateMipmaps(VkImage image, VkFormat imageFormat, int32_t texWidth, int32_t texHeight, uint32_t mipLevels) {
      // Check if image format supports linear blitting
      VkFormatProperties formatProperties;
      vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, imageFormat, &formatProperties);

      if (!(formatProperties.optimalTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_FILTER_LINEAR_BIT)) {
        throw std::runtime_error("texture image format does not support linear blitting!");
      }

      VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

      VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier{};
      barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
      barrier.image = image;
      barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
      barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
      barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
      barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
      barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
      barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;

      int32_t mipWidth = texWidth;
      int32_t mipHeight = texHeight;

      for (uint32_t i = 1; i < mipLevels; i++) {
        barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = i - 1;
        barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
        barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL;
        barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
        barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;

        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer,
                             VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0,
                             0, nullptr,
                             0, nullptr,
                             1, &barrier);

        VkImageBlit blit{};
        blit.srcOffsets[0] = {0, 0, 0};
        blit.srcOffsets[1] = {mipWidth, mipHeight, 1};
        blit.srcSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
        blit.srcSubresource.mipLevel = i - 1;
        blit.srcSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
        blit.srcSubresource.layerCount = 1;
        blit.dstOffsets[0] = {0, 0, 0};
        blit.dstOffsets[1] = { mipWidth > 1 ? mipWidth / 2 : 1, mipHeight > 1 ? mipHeight / 2 : 1, 1 };
        blit.dstSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
        blit.dstSubresource.mipLevel = i;
        blit.dstSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
        blit.dstSubresource.layerCount = 1;

        vkCmdBlitImage(commandBuffer,
                       image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
                       image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
                       1, &blit,
                       VK_FILTER_LINEAR);

        barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL;
        barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
        barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;
        barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer,
                             VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT, 0,
                             0, nullptr,
                             0, nullptr,
                             1, &barrier);

        if (mipWidth > 1) mipWidth /= 2;
        if (mipHeight > 1) mipHeight /= 2;
      }

      barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = mipLevels - 1;
      barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
      barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
      barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
      barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

      vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer,
                           VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT, 0,
                           0, nullptr,
                           0, nullptr,
                           1, &barrier);

      endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
    }

    void createTextureImage() {
        int texWidth, texHeight, texChannels;
        stbi_uc* pixels = stbi_load(TEXTURE_PATH.c_str(), &texWidth, &texHeight, &texChannels, STBI_rgb_alpha);
        if (!pixels) {
          throw std::runtime_error("failed to load texture image!");
        }

        VkDeviceSize imageSize = texWidth * texHeight * 4;
        mipLevels_ = static_cast<uint32_t>(std::floor(std::log2(std::max(texWidth, texHeight)))) + 1;

        VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
        VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
        createBuffer(imageSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

        void* data;
        vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, imageSize, 0, &data);
        memcpy(data, pixels, static_cast<size_t>(imageSize));
        vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

        stbi_image_free(pixels);

        createImage(texWidth, texHeight, mipLevels_, VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, textureImage, textureImageMemory);

        transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, mipLevels_);
        copyBufferToImage(stagingBuffer, textureImage, static_cast<uint32_t>(texWidth), static_cast<uint32_t>(texHeight));
        //transitioned to VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL while generating mipmaps

        vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
        vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);

        generateMipmaps(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, texWidth, texHeight, mipLevels_);
    }

    void createImage(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t mipLevels, VkSampleCountFlagBits numSamples, VkFormat format, VkImageTiling tiling, VkImageUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkImage& image, VkDeviceMemory& imageMemory) {        VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo{};
        imageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
        imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
        imageInfo.extent.width = width;
        imageInfo.extent.height = height;
        imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
        imageInfo.mipLevels = mipLevels;
        imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
        imageInfo.format = format;
        imageInfo.tiling = tiling;
        imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
        imageInfo.usage = usage;
        imageInfo.samples = numSamples;
        imageInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

        if (vkCreateImage(device, &imageInfo, nullptr, &image) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image!");
        }

        VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
        vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, image, &memRequirements);

        VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
        allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
        allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
        allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

        if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &imageMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate image memory!");
        }

        vkBindImageMemory(device, image, imageMemory, 0);
    }

    void createTextureImageView() {
      textureImageView = createImageView(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, mipLevels_);
    }

    VkImageView createImageView(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageAspectFlags aspectFlags, uint32_t mipLevels) {
        VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo = {};
        viewInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
        viewInfo.image = image;
        viewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
        viewInfo.format = format;
        viewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = aspectFlags;
        viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
        viewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
        viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
        viewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
        viewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = mipLevels;

        VkImageView imageView;
        if (vkCreateImageView(device, &viewInfo, nullptr, &imageView) != VK_SUCCESS) {
          throw std::runtime_error("failed to create texture image view!");
        }

        return imageView;
    }

    void createTextureSampler() {
        VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo = {};
        samplerInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
        samplerInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
        samplerInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;

        samplerInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
        samplerInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
        samplerInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;

        samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_TRUE;
        samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = 16;

        samplerInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK;
        samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE;
        samplerInfo.compareEnable = VK_FALSE;
        samplerInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;
        samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
        samplerInfo.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
        samplerInfo.minLod = 0.0f;
        samplerInfo.maxLod = static_cast<float>(mipLevels_);

        if (vkCreateSampler(device, &samplerInfo, nullptr, &textureSampler) != VK_SUCCESS) {
          throw std::runtime_error("failed to create texture sampler!");
        }
    }

    void createVertexBuffer() {
        VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();

        VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
        VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
        createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
                     VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer,
                     stagingBufferMemory);

        void *data;
        vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
        memcpy(data, vertices.data(), (size_t) bufferSize);
        vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

        createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT,
                     VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, vertexBuffer,
                     vertexBufferMemory);
        copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, vertexBuffer, bufferSize);

        vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
        vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
    }

    void createIndexBuffer() {
        VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();

        VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
        VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
        createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
                     VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer,
                     stagingBufferMemory);

        void *data;
        vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
        memcpy(data, indices.data(), (size_t) bufferSize);
        vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

        createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT,
                     VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, indexBuffer, indexBufferMemory);

        copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, indexBuffer, bufferSize);

        vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
        vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
    }

    void createUniformBuffer() {
        VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

        uniformBuffers.resize(imageCount);
        uniformBuffersMemory.resize(imageCount);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < imageCount; ++i) {
            createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
                         VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, uniformBuffers[i],
                         uniformBuffersMemory[i]);
        }
    }

    void copyBuffer(VkBuffer srcBuffer, VkBuffer dstBuffer, VkDeviceSize size) {
        VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

        VkBufferCopy copyRegion = {};
        copyRegion.size = size;
        vkCmdCopyBuffer(commandBuffer, srcBuffer, dstBuffer, 1, &copyRegion);

        endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
    }

    void copyBufferToImage(VkBuffer buffer, VkImage image, uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
        VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

        VkBufferImageCopy region = {};
        region.bufferOffset = 0;
        region.bufferRowLength = 0;
        region.bufferImageHeight = 0;

        region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
        region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
        region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
        region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;

        region.imageOffset = {0, 0, 0};
        region.imageExtent = { width, height, 1};

        vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(commandBuffer, buffer, image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &region);

        endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
    }

    void createDescriptorPool() {
        std::array<VkDescriptorPoolSize, 2> poolSizes{};
        poolSizes[0].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
        poolSizes[0].descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(imageCount);
        poolSizes[1].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
        poolSizes[1].descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(imageCount);

        VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};
        poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
        poolInfo.poolSizeCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(poolSizes.size());
        poolInfo.pPoolSizes = poolSizes.data();
        poolInfo.maxSets = static_cast<uint32_t>(imageCount);

        if (vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
          throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor pool!");
        }
    }

    void createDescriptorSets() {
        std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayout> layouts(imageCount, descriptorSetLayout);

        VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
        allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
        allocInfo.descriptorPool = descriptorPool;
        allocInfo.descriptorSetCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(imageCount);
        allocInfo.pSetLayouts = layouts.data();

        descriptorSets.resize(imageCount);
        if (vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, descriptorSets.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
          throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate descriptor sets!");
        }

        for (size_t i = 0; i < imageCount; i++) {
          VkDescriptorBufferInfo bufferInfo{};
          bufferInfo.buffer = uniformBuffers[i];
          bufferInfo.offset = 0;
          bufferInfo.range = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

          VkDescriptorImageInfo imageInfo{};
          imageInfo.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
          imageInfo.imageView = textureImageView;
          imageInfo.sampler = textureSampler;

          std::array<VkWriteDescriptorSet, 2> descriptorWrites{};

          descriptorWrites[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
          descriptorWrites[0].dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
          descriptorWrites[0].dstBinding = 0;
          descriptorWrites[0].dstArrayElement = 0;
          descriptorWrites[0].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
          descriptorWrites[0].descriptorCount = 1;
          descriptorWrites[0].pBufferInfo = &bufferInfo;

          descriptorWrites[1].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
          descriptorWrites[1].dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
          descriptorWrites[1].dstBinding = 1;
          descriptorWrites[1].dstArrayElement = 0;
          descriptorWrites[1].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
          descriptorWrites[1].descriptorCount = 1;
          descriptorWrites[1].pImageInfo = &imageInfo;

          vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, static_cast<uint32_t>(descriptorWrites.size()), descriptorWrites.data(), 0, nullptr);
        }
    }

    uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
        VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &memProperties);

        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
            if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) == properties) {
                return i;
            }
        }

        throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");
    }

    void createBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkBuffer &buffer,
                      VkDeviceMemory &bufferMemory) {
        VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo = {};
        bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
        bufferInfo.size = size;
        bufferInfo.usage = usage;
        bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

        if (vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &buffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create buffer!");
        }

        VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
        vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, buffer, &memRequirements);

        VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
        allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
        allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
        allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

        if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &bufferMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate buffer memory!");
        }

        vkBindBufferMemory(device, buffer, bufferMemory, 0);
    }

    void recordCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t imageIndex) {
        VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
        beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;

        if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
        }

        VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo{};
        renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
        renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
        renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFrameBuffers[imageIndex];
        renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = {0, 0};
        renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;

        std::array<VkClearValue, 2> clearValues = {};
        clearValues[0].color = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f};
        clearValues[1].depthStencil = {1.0f, 0};

        renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(clearValues.size());
        renderPassInfo.pClearValues = clearValues.data();

        vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffer, &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

        vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, graphicsPipeline);

        VkViewport viewport{};
        viewport.x = 0.0f;
        viewport.y = 0.0f;
        viewport.width = (float) swapChainExtent.width;
        viewport.height = (float) swapChainExtent.height;
        viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
        viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;
        vkCmdSetViewport(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &viewport);

        VkRect2D scissor{};
        scissor.offset = {0, 0};
        scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;
        vkCmdSetScissor(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor);

        VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = {vertexBuffer};
        VkDeviceSize offsets[] = {0};
        vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffer, 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets);

        vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(commandBuffer, indexBuffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);

        vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1,
                                &descriptorSets[imageIndex], 0, nullptr);

        vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffer, static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size()), 1, 0, 0, 0);

        vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffer);

        if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
        }
    }

    void createSyncObjects() {
        imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(imageCount);
        renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(imageCount);
        inFlightFences.resize(imageCount);

        VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo = {};
        semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

        VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo = {};
        fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
        fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

        for (size_t i = 0; i < imageCount; i++) {
            if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
                vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
                vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("failed to create synchronization objects for a frame!");
            }
        }
    }

    void cleanupSwapChain() {
        vkDestroyImageView(device, colorImageView, nullptr);
        vkDestroyImage(device, colorImage, nullptr);
        vkFreeMemory(device, colorImageMemory, nullptr);

        vkDestroyImageView(device, depthImageView, nullptr);
        vkDestroyImage(device, depthImage, nullptr);
        vkFreeMemory(device, depthImageMemory, nullptr);

        for (auto framebuffer: swapChainFrameBuffers) {
            vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, framebuffer, nullptr);
        }

        for (auto imageView: swapChainImageViews) {
            vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
        }

        vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);
    }

    void recreateSwapChain() {
        int width = 0, height = 0;
        glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
        while (width == 0 || height == 0) {
          glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
          glfwWaitEvents();
        }

        vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

        cleanupSwapChain();

        createSwapChain();
        createImageViews();
        createColorResources();
        createDepthResources();
        createFrameBuffers();
    }

    void updateUniformBuffer(uint32_t currentImage) {
        static auto startTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

        auto currentTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        float time = std::chrono::duration<float, std::chrono::seconds::period>(currentTime - startTime).count();

        UniformBufferObject ubo = {};
        ubo.model = glm::rotate(glm::mat4(1.0f), time * glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
        ubo.view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
        ubo.proj = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), swapChainExtent.width / (float) swapChainExtent.height, 0.1f,
                                    10.0f);

        ubo.proj[1][1] *= -1;

        void *data;
        vkMapMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[currentImage], 0, sizeof(ubo), 0, &data);
        memcpy(data, &ubo, sizeof(ubo));
        vkUnmapMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[currentImage]);
    }

    void drawFrame() {
        vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);

        uint32_t imageIndex;
        VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame],
                                                VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);

        if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
            recreateSwapChain();
            return;
        } else if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
        }

        updateUniformBuffer(imageIndex);

        vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

        vkResetCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[currentFrame], /*VkCommandBufferResetFlagBits*/ 0);
        recordCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[currentFrame], imageIndex);

        VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
        submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;

        VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = {imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame]};
        VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = {VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT};
        submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
        submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
        submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;

        submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
        submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[currentFrame];

        VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = {renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame]};
        submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
        submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

        if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
        }

        VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{};
        presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;

        presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
        presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

        VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = {swapChain};
        presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
        presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;

        presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;

        result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);

        if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR || framebufferResized) {
            framebufferResized = false;
            recreateSwapChain();
        } else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
        }

        currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % imageCount;
    }

    VkCommandBuffer beginSingleTimeCommands() {
        VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
        allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
        allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
        allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
        allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

        VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;
        vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer);

        VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {};
        beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
        beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;

        vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo);

        return commandBuffer;
    }

    void endSingleTimeCommands(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer) {
        vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer);

        VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {};
        submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
        submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
        submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;

        vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
        vkQueueWaitIdle(graphicsQueue);

        vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, 1, &commandBuffer);
    }

    void transitionImageLayout(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageLayout oldLayout, VkImageLayout newLayout, uint32_t mipLevels) {
        VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

        VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = {};
        barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
        barrier.oldLayout = oldLayout;
        barrier.newLayout = newLayout;
        barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
        barrier.image = image;

        if (newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL) {
            barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;

            if (hasStencilComponent(format)) {
                barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask |= VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_STENCIL_BIT;
            }
        } else {
            barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
        }

        barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
        barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = mipLevels;
        barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
        barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

        VkPipelineStageFlags sourceStage;
        VkPipelineStageFlags destinationStage;

        if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL) {
            barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
            barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;

            sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
            destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
        } else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL) {
            barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
            barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

            sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
            destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
        } else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL) {
          barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
          barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

          sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
          destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
        } else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL) {
          barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
          barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
          sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
          destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
        } else {
            throw std::invalid_argument("unsupported layout transition!");
        }

        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(
            commandBuffer,
            sourceStage, destinationStage,
            0,
            0, nullptr,
            0, nullptr,
            1, &barrier
        );

        endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
    }

private:
    GLFWwindow *window{nullptr};
    VkInstance instance{VK_NULL_HANDLE};
    VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger{VK_NULL_HANDLE};
    VkSurfaceKHR surface{VK_NULL_HANDLE};

    VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice{VK_NULL_HANDLE};
    VkDevice device{VK_NULL_HANDLE};

    VkQueue graphicsQueue{VK_NULL_HANDLE};
    VkQueue presentQueue{VK_NULL_HANDLE};
    VkSwapchainKHR swapChain{VK_NULL_HANDLE};

    uint32_t imageCount{0};

    std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;
    VkFormat swapChainImageFormat{};
    VkExtent2D swapChainExtent{};

    std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews;

    VkRenderPass renderPass{VK_NULL_HANDLE};
    VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout{VK_NULL_HANDLE};
    VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout{VK_NULL_HANDLE};

    VkPipeline graphicsPipeline{VK_NULL_HANDLE};

    std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFrameBuffers;

    VkCommandPool commandPool{VK_NULL_HANDLE};
    std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers;

    std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores{};
    std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores{};
    std::vector<VkFence> inFlightFences;
    size_t currentFrame = 0;

    bool framebufferResized = false;

    std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
    std::vector<uint32_t> indices;
    VkBuffer vertexBuffer{VK_NULL_HANDLE};
    VkDeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory{VK_NULL_HANDLE};

    VkBuffer indexBuffer{VK_NULL_HANDLE};
    VkDeviceMemory indexBufferMemory{VK_NULL_HANDLE};

    std::vector<VkBuffer> uniformBuffers;
    std::vector<VkDeviceMemory> uniformBuffersMemory;

    VkDescriptorPool descriptorPool{VK_NULL_HANDLE};
    std::vector<VkDescriptorSet> descriptorSets;

    uint32_t mipLevels_;
    VkImage textureImage{VK_NULL_HANDLE};
    VkDeviceMemory textureImageMemory{VK_NULL_HANDLE};

    VkImageView textureImageView{VK_NULL_HANDLE};
    VkSampler textureSampler{VK_NULL_HANDLE};

    VkImage depthImage{VK_NULL_HANDLE};
    VkDeviceMemory depthImageMemory{VK_NULL_HANDLE};
    VkImageView depthImageView{VK_NULL_HANDLE};

    VkSampleCountFlagBits msaaSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

    VkImage colorImage;
    VkDeviceMemory colorImageMemory;
    VkImageView colorImageView;
};

int main() {
    HelloTriangleApplication app;
    try {
        app.run();
    } catch (const std::exception &e) {
        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
